Western Blotting: Used as a blocking and wash buffer to reduce nonspecific binding and background on membranes.

ELISA: Serves as a plate blocking, wash, and antibody/antigen dilution buffer to improve assay specificity and consistency.

Immunohistochemistry/Immunocytochemistry (IHC/ICC): Applied for blocking and gentle washing to minimize background during tissue and cell staining.

Immunofluorescence Microscopy: Used for antibody dilution and wash steps, aiding signal clarity with low background.

Flow Cytometry: Functions as an antibody staining diluent and wash buffer to reduce cell clumping and nonspecific interactions.

Bead-Based Immunoassays: Employed for magnetic or agarose bead washing and blocking to limit nonspecific adsorption.

Antibody/Protein Dilution: Provides a carrier and stabilizing environment for primary/secondary antibodies and proteins.

Surface Blocking: Used to block microplates, slides, and microfluidic channels prior to assays to prevent nonspecific binding.

Cell and Microbial Washing: Gentle washes of cultured cells and bacterial preparations such as E. coli to maintain cell integrity while minimizing background.

In Situ Hybridization: Applied in wash steps to lower nonspecific probe interactions.

Lateral Flow Assays: Utilized as a running or sample buffer to enhance flow and reduce nonspecific binding.

Short-Term Storage Buffer: Provides a stabilizing medium for proteins and antibodies during handling and temporary storage.