ELISA: Commonly used as a blocking buffer, wash buffer, and antibody diluent to minimize nonspecific binding and background.

Western Blotting: Serves as a membrane blocking buffer and for primary/secondary antibody incubation and washing to reduce nonspecific interactions.

Immunohistochemistry/Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Used for blocking and gentle permeabilization/washing of fixed cells and tissues during antibody staining.

Flow Cytometry: Functions as a staining buffer and wash buffer to stabilize antibodies and cells and reduce nonspecific Fc-mediated binding.

Bead-Based Immunoassays (e.g., Luminex): Utilized for bead blocking, antibody dilutions, and wash steps to improve assay specificity.

Immunoprecipitation/Pull-Down Assays: Applied as a wash buffer to decrease nonspecific protein interactions during capture and elution.

Surface and Plate Blocking: Used to block microplates, slides, and biosensor surfaces prior to capture or detection steps.

Antibody/Protein Stabilization: Provides protein stabilization during short-term storage, handling, and dilutions to preserve activity.

Microbial Antigen Detection Assays: Employed in ELISA workflows for targets such as Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, supporting blocking and wash steps.

Fixed Cell/Tissue Washes: General-purpose washing to remove unbound reagents after staining without disrupting fixed samples.