Western Blotting: Common wash buffer (PBS-T) for membranes to reduce nonspecific antibody binding.

ELISA: Plate wash and sample dilution buffer to minimize nonspecific interactions and background.

Immunohistochemistry/Immunocytochemistry: Wash/permeabilization buffer for fixed tissues and cells during antibody staining.

Immunofluorescence Microscopy: Washing between primary and secondary antibody incubations to improve signal-to-noise.

Immunoprecipitation/Bead-Based Assays: Washing of antibody- or antigen-coupled beads to reduce nonspecific protein binding.

Dot/Slot Blotting: Membrane wash buffer to decrease background during nucleic acid or protein detection.

In Situ Hybridization: Wash buffer (PBST) for embryos/tissue sections to limit nonspecific probe binding.

Flow Cytometry (Fixed/Permeabilized Cells): Wash buffer during intracellular staining workflows to reduce aggregation and background.

Plate and Surface Rinsing in Immunoassays: Routine washing of microplates and labware to remove unbound reagents.

General Buffer Preparation (1X PBS-T): Dilution to working strength for routine laboratory washing steps requiring isotonic pH-stable conditions with mild detergent.