Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR/qPCR/RT-PCR): Supplies Mg2+ cofactor for DNA polymerases, enabling amplification and optimization of specificity and yield.

Isothermal Amplification (LAMP, RPA): Provides essential Mg2+ for strand-displacing polymerases and optimal reaction performance.

Restriction Enzyme Digestions: Supplies Mg2+ required for endonuclease activity and complete DNA cleavage.

DNA Ligation and End-Modification: Provides Mg2+ for T4 DNA ligase, kinases, and phosphatases in cloning workflows.

Enzyme Assays (Nucleases, Kinases, ATPases): Delivers divalent cations needed for catalytic activity and accurate kinetics.

In Vitro Transcription/Translation: Supplies Mg2+ to support RNA polymerase activity and ribosomal function.

Oligonucleotide Annealing and Hybridization: Stabilizes nucleic acid duplex formation by controlling divalent cation concentration.

Ribozyme and RNA Enzyme Reactions: Provides Mg2+ to enable correct folding and catalysis of Mg2+-dependent ribozymes.

Competent Cell Preparation and Transformation: Used in buffers for preparing and transforming Escherichia coli and other bacteria.

Microbial Culture Media Supplementation: Adds Mg2+ to minimal or defined media to support growth and enzyme function in bacteria such as Escherichia coli.