Bacterial Culture and Maintenance: Routine cultivation of laboratory strains, especially Escherichia coli (E. coli), on nutritionally simple LB agar (1.00% Tryptone, 0.50% Yeast Extract, 0.05% Sodium Chloride, 1.50% Agar).

Colony Isolation: Streaking for single colonies to obtain clonal populations of E. coli and other non-fastidious bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis.

Antibiotic Selection: Screening transformants on plates supplemented with antibiotics (e.g., ampicillin, kanamycin) for plasmid-bearing colonies.

Blue-White Screening: Cloning selection using X-gal/IPTG to differentiate recombinant from non-recombinant colonies.

Transformation Recovery and Selection: Post-chemical or electroporation plating to select genetically modified E. coli clones.

Colony PCR and Screening: Picking colonies from plates for PCR verification of inserts or genotype confirmation.

CFU Enumeration: Counting colony-forming units for viability, titer determination, and transformation efficiency measurements.

Phage Work: Base plates for bacteriophage plaque assays using soft-agar overlays with hosts like E. coli.

Plasmid Maintenance: Short-term storage and propagation of plasmid-bearing bacterial strains under selective pressure.

Conjugation/Mating Selections: Selecting transconjugants on appropriate antibiotic markers after bacterial matings.