Bacterial Colony Isolation and Propagation: Supports robust colony growth of Escherichia coli on LB Luria agar (1.00% Tryptone, 0.50% Yeast Extract, 0.05% Sodium Chloride, 1.50% Agar, 10 mM Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate).

Antibiotic Selection of Transformants: Plating of recombinant E. coli with antibiotics to select plasmid-bearing clones on low-salt LB with MgSO4.

Blue-White Screening: Screening of lacZ-based constructs in E. coli when supplemented with X-Gal/IPTG.

Phage Plaque Assays: Enhanced adsorption and plaque formation of coliphages (e.g., lambda, T-series) on E. coli due to 10 mM MgSO4.

Transformation Plating: Recovery and plating of chemically competent or electrocompetent E. coli to isolate transformants.

CFU Enumeration and Titering: Quantification of viable E. coli cells or phage-infected cells by colony or plaque counts.

Strain Maintenance and Storage: Short-term storage and routine passaging of laboratory E. coli strains on solid media.

Replica Plating and Colony Picking: Transferring E. coli colonies between selective conditions to assess genotype or auxotrophy.

Conjugation and Transduction Assays: Mating and phage-mediated gene transfer workflows in E. coli, supported by Mg2+-rich agar.

Expression Screening of Recombinant Clones: Screening E. coli transformants for construct integrity prior to liquid culture expression.