Blue-White Screening: Identification of recombinant clones in E. coli via α-complementation using X-Gal (80 µg/mL) and IPTG (0.5 mM).

Ampicillin Selection: Selection and maintenance of ampicillin-resistant E. coli transformants (100 µg/mL).

Cloning and Library Construction: Plating and isolation of transformants during ligation and library workflows.

Colony Screening: Picking white versus blue colonies for downstream colony PCR, miniprep, and sequencing.

Vector Self-Ligation Detection: Distinguishing insert-containing clones from empty vectors by color screening.

Reporter Assays: Plate-based lacZ reporter screening in E. coli.

Expression Testing on Plates: IPTG-induced expression screening for constructs with lac promoters in E. coli.

Strain/Construct Verification: Phenotypic validation of insert orientation or frame via colorimetric readout in E. coli.