Protein Refolding: Added to refolding buffers to suppress aggregation and increase recovery of correctly folded proteins.

Protein Solubilization: Enhances solubility of aggregation-prone and membrane proteins during extraction and purification.

Antibody Purification: Additive in ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography to reduce nonspecific interactions and aggregation, improving yield.

Chromatography Additive: Used in cation exchange and HIC to improve resolution, reduce carryover, and aid elution of tightly bound proteins.

Low-pH Hold/Virus Inactivation Steps: Helps maintain acidic conditions while mitigating protein aggregation during low-pH treatments.

Formulation and Storage Buffers: Serves as an excipient to decrease viscosity and aggregation in protein and mAb formulations.

Endotoxin Reduction: Supports endotoxin removal workflows by disrupting protein–LPS interactions.

Sample Clarification/Filterability: Improves filterability and clarity by reducing protein–protein interactions and aggregates.

Enzyme Stabilization: Provides ionic strength and stabilizing effects for acid-compatible enzymes in assay buffers.

Protein Crystallography Additive: Used as an additive to modulate protein–protein interactions and enhance crystal screening outcomes.