Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used in PCR/qPCR/RT-PCR to maintain optimal pH for polymerase activity.

Gel Electrophoresis: Buffer component for agarose and PAGE (SDS-PAGE/native), ensuring stable pH during separation.

Nucleic Acid Extraction and Storage: Formulates TE and similar buffers for DNA/RNA purification and long-term stability.

Restriction Digests and Ligation: Provides a controlled pH environment for endonucleases and DNA ligase.

Protein Purification: Used in chromatography (anion exchange/affinity) for equilibration, wash, and elution buffers.

Western Blotting: Prepares Tris-based transfer buffers and TBS/TBST for membrane transfer and antibody dilutions.

Enzyme Assays: Maintains consistent pH for reliable enzymatic kinetics and activity measurements.

Cell Lysis and Sample Prep: Buffers lysis and resuspension solutions for microbial samples (e.g., E. coli).

Dialysis and Desalting: Serves as a stable buffer for removing salts or small molecules from proteins and nucleic acids.

GMP Bioprocessing: Sterile, GMP-grade stock for in-process buffers in upstream/downstream manufacturing and final formulation.