Protein Purification (Ion Exchange Chromatography): Low-ionic-strength buffer for loading/washing on anion or cation exchange columns at pH 6.5.

Buffer Exchange and Dialysis: Maintains stable pH during desalting or dialysis of protein samples.

Enzyme Assays: Provides consistent pH 6.5 for enzymes with activity optima in mildly acidic conditions.

Protein Storage: Phosphate-free buffer that minimizes metal interactions and precipitation with divalent cations.

Gel Electrophoresis (Bis-Tris Systems): Component buffer for preparing MES-based running/transfer buffers for protein PAGE.

EDC/NHS Coupling: Suitable buffering near pH 6 for carbodiimide-mediated conjugation of carboxyl to amine groups.

Chromatography Sample Preparation: Dilutes and conditions samples to low salt/pH 6.5 prior to HPLC or FPLC.

Immunoassays: Phosphate-free sample dilution buffer to avoid interference in ELISA and binding assays.

Membrane Protein Workflows: Stabilizing buffer during detergent screening and reconstitution at controlled pH.

Nucleic Acid Procedures (Phosphate-Sensitive): Alternative buffering where phosphate must be avoided during labeling or modification steps.