| Actinomycin C1 (Actinomycin D) |
1255.4 |
Bactericidal |
Inhibits synthesis of RNA by binding to double-stranded DNA. It cleaves single-stranded DNA. It can be used in E.coli, yeast and mammalian cell culture. |
|
Sensitive to light. |
| Ampicillin |
349.4 |
Bactericidal |
Inhibits cell-wall synthesis by interfering with peptidoglycan cross-linking |
Resistance conferred by product of TEM-1 β-lactamase (bla) gene from Tn3 (Size: 861bp). Sometimes see listed as Amp or AmpR |
Prone to background (due to secretion of extracellular lactamase) which results in satellite colonies. Carbenicillin is a more stable alternative. |
| Apramycin |
539.7 |
Bactericidal |
Broad spectrum antibiotic with unique mechanism, which is based on blocking translocation and its ability to bind also to the eukaryotic decoding site. |
Resistance conferred by product of aminoglycoside acetyl transferase (aacC4) gene. |
The aacC4 gene also confers resistance to gentamycin, kanamycin, and tetracycline. |
| Blasticidin |
422.4 |
Bactericidal |
Blasticidin is a nucleoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseochromogenes. It is a potent translational inhibitor in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. |
Resistance to blasticidin is conferred by the product of the blasticidin-S deaminase (bsd) gene from Aspergillus terreus. (Size: 399 bp). |
Optimal selection in low salt LB (LB Lennox). |
| Bleomycin |
1415.5 |
Bactericidal |
Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus. It causes cell death by intercalating into DNA inducing double strand breaks. It is also an effective chemotherapeutic agent. |
Resistance conferred by one of three ble genes from Streptomyces |
Also confers resistance to kanamycin and neomycin. The Sh ble gene is not suitable as positive selectable marker accompanying rpsL (streptomycin). Due to ds DNA breaks, bleomycin can interfere with cloning and intermolecular recombination. |
| Carbenicillin (disodium salt) |
422.4 |
Bactericidal |
Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic that interferes with cell wall synthesis of gram-negative bacteria while displaying low toxicity to plant tissues. Carbenicillin is used as a selection in transformed Agrobacterium and E. coli. |
Resistance conferred by product of TEM-1 β-lactamase (bla) gene from Tn3 (Size: 861 bp). Sometimes see listed as Amp or AmpR. |
Common alternative to ampicillin. Does not form satellite colonies. |
| CloNat |
1359.47 |
not known |
CloNat, formally known as Nourseothricin (or NAT) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that can be used to select for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mammalian cells, yeast, filamentous fungi, protozoa, and plants, no cross reactivity to aminoglycosidic antibiotics. |
Resistance conferred by nourseothricin acetyltransferase (nat1 or sat1) gene from Streptomyces noursei (Size: 573 bp). |
Low or no background: Resistance protein is localized intracellularly and cannot be degraded in cell culture medium. In bacteria, optimal selection in low salt LB (LB Lennox). |
| Chloramphenicol |
323.1 |
Bacteriostatic |
Inhibits translation by blocking peptidyl transferase on the 50S ribosomal subunit; at higher concentrations can inhibit eukaryotic DNA synthesis |
Resistance conferred by the product of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) gene from Tn9 (Size: 660 bp). Sometimes see referred to as Cam or CamR. |
Sensitive to light. Optimal solvent is ethanol. |
| Geneticin (G418 geneticin disulfate) |
692.7 |
Bactericidal |
Geneticin (G418) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic similar in structure to gentamicin B. This aminoglycoside is toxic to a broad range of cell types (bacterial, plant, yeast, mammalian, protozoan). |
Resistance conferred by the Tn5 neo gene (aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase, APT 3' II). |
Commonly used to select genetically engineered cells (e.g., with the kanMX selectable marker). |
| Gentamicin (or Gentamycin) |
477.6 |
Bactericidal |
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to L6 protein of the 50S ribosomal subunit |
Resistance conferred by product of gentamycin acetyltransferase and kanamycin phosphotransferase (aacA-aphD) gene from Tn4001 (Size: 1440 bp ), or by the product of gentamycin acetyltransferase (aacC1) gene from pJN105 (Size: 534 bp). |
aacC1 confers resistance to gentamycin only. aacA-aphD confers resistance to gentamycin and kanamycin in two separate domains. Gentamycin is heat-stabile. |
| Hygromycin B |
527.5 |
Bactericidal |
Inhibits protein synthesis |
Resistance conferred by the product of the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hphB) gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus (Size: 1323 bp). |
Protect stock solutions from light. Store stock at 4°C. Optimal selection in low salt LB (LB Lennox). |
| Kanamycin monosulfate |
582.6 |
Bactericidal |
Broad-spectrum antibiotic; binds to 70S ribosomal subunit and inhibits growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasma |
Resistance conferred by the product of the kanamycin phosphotransferase (aph) gene from Tn903. size: 795 bp, or kanamycin and neomycin phosphotransferase II (ntpII) from Tn5 (size: 805 bp). |
Use geneticin (G418) to select in mammalian cell culture |
| Methotrexate |
454.5 |
neither |
A folic acid analog; a powerful inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Non antibiotic used as effective antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus. |
|
|
| Nalidixic Acid |
232.2 |
Bacteriostatic; Bactericidal at higher concentrations |
A synthetic quinilone, it inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase-dependent processes such as DNA polymerization and supercoiling. A broad-spectrum antibiotic active against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria |
Resistance can be conferred by the product of the gyrA (nalA) gene from E. coli (Size: 2628 bp). |
|
| Neomycin B sulfate |
908.9 |
Bactericidal |
Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis |
See G418-this is the same gene |
Confers resistance to G418 and kanamycin. Neomycin B is used for bacterial selection. |
| Penicillin G sodium salt |
356.4 |
Bactericidal |
Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls |
|
|
| Puromycin dihydrochloride |
544.4 |
Bactericidal |
Inhibits protein synthesis by acting as an analog of amino-acyl tRNA (causes premature chain termination) |
Puromycin N-acetyltransferase (PAC) from Streptomyces alboninger (size: 600 bp). |
Optimal selection in low salt LB (LB Lennox). |
| Rifampicin |
823.0 |
Bactericidal |
Strongly inhibits prokaryotic RNA polymerase and to a lesser degree mammalian RNA polymerase. Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species are resistant to rifampicin. |
|
Rifampicin is antagonistic to gentamycin |
| Spectinomycin |
332.4 |
Bacteriostatic |
Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic, closely related to the aminoglycosides. Spectinomycin binds to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and interrupts protein synthesis. |
Streptomycin/spectinomycin adenylyltransferase (aadA) from Enterococcus faecalis (Size: 675 bp). Spectinomycin resistance conferred in plant cells that contain the selectable marker gene Spcr. |
Spectinomycin is no longer |
| Streptomycin sulfate |
1457.4 |
Bacteriostatic; Bactericidal at higher concentrations |
Streptomycin was the first of aminoglycosides. It inhibits protein synthesis; binds to 30S ribosomal subunit. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that works against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Streptomycin is used in combination with penicillin in mammalian cell culture to prevent bacterial infection. |
Resistance conferred by product ofrspL gene from E. coli. |
|
| Tetracycline HCl |
480.9 |
Bacteriostatic |
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis; blocks ribosomal binding of aminoacyl-tRNA |
Resistance conferred by tetracycline efflux protein (tetA) from RP1, RP4 or Tn1721 (size: 1200 bp), or tetracycline efflux protein (tetC) from pSC101 or pBR322 (size: 1191 bp). Note: tetA gene conveys stronger resistance than that from tetC. |
Sensitive to light. Optimal solvent is ethanol. Magnesium ions are tetracycline antagonists. Use media without magnesium salts for selection. |
| Trimethoprim |
290.3 |
Bacteriostatic |
Trimethoprim binds to dihydrofolate reductase and inhibits the reduction of dihydrofolic acid (DHF) to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF). THF is an essential precursor in the folate synthesis pathway and interference inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole used in combination have synergistic effects. Haemophilus influenzae, E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are susceptible to trimethoprim, while Proteus spps are resistant. |
Resistance conferred by product of type II dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (size 237bp). |
|
| Zeocin (Phleomycin D1) |
1525 |
Bactericidal |
Broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against most bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeast, plant and eukaryotic cells. It is derived from a phleomycin from Streptomyces and is a member of the bleomycin family Zeocin intercalates into DNA and causes double strand breaks. |
Resistance conferred by the product of the Sh ble gene (375 bp in size).The Sh ble gene product binds the antibiotic in a one to one ratio so it can no longer cause cleavage of DNA |
Optimal selection in low salt LB (LB Lennox). Zeocin is light sensitive. Due to ds DNA breaks, zeocin can interfere with cloning and intermolecular recombination. The Sh ble gene is not suitable as positive selectable marker accompanying rpsL (streptomycin) |
